Overgrazing, charcoal burning and harvesting of wood for fuel and shelter as well as household fencing by refugees in Dadaab complex, as well as in other refugee hosting areas are major drivers of environmental degradation. Commercialization of firewood harvesting by refugee groups who travel in large and organised caravan further presents danger that could easily trigger large scale conflict between refugees and host communities who have settled close to these camps. Moreover, the reality of continuous and rapid urbanisation of the host community around the refugee settlements further exacerbated resource based conflicts between the refugee and host communities.